稻麦平床燃油干燥机的研制

针对农村农户,设计了稻麦平床燃油干燥机,适于小批量稻麦干燥生产。整机设计烘干段采用分体结构,卸粮操作采用旋转方式,并对燃烧器改造及烘干机的有关计算做了阐述。     

盐碱地高盐废水电解脱氯同步制氢特性

就近利用风光能电解盐碱地治理过程中产生的高盐废水,是同步实现风光消纳、废水处理和H₂/Cl₂生产的有效途径。然而,盐碱地治理废水盐浓度较低且盐离子种类众多,直接电解严重影响脱氯制氢效率。该研究通过开展盐碱地治理废水的电解试验,讨论了盐浓度及不同除杂工艺对废水脱氯制氢特性的影响规律。结果表明,不同盐浓度废水电解的H₂/Cl₂产率与电流密度呈线性关系,且产H₂速率稍大于产Cl₂速率。电流密度和pH值均随盐浓度升高先增大后减小,废水中盐浓度为3.5 mol/L时,电解后最终电流密度和阴极的pH值均最大,电解效果最优。添加Ca(OH)₂对废水进行电解前除杂,可将浓缩废水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度分别降低至0.02、0.1和0.2 mol/L。电解过程中通入CO₂能够进一步降低杂质离子对废水电解的不利影响,使电解脱氯制氢性能相...     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

Plant carbon inputs and environmental factors strongly affect soil respiration in a subtropical forest of southwestern China

Soil respiration is a large component of global carbon fluxes, so it is important to explore how this carbon flux varies with environmental factors and carbon inputs from plants. As part of a long-term study on the chemical and biological effects of aboveground litterfall denial, root trenching and tree-stem girdling, we measured soil respiration for three years in plots where those treatments were applied singly and in combination. Tree-stem girdling terminates the flow of carbohydrates from canopy, but allows the roots to continue water and nutrient uptake. After carbon storage below the stem girdles is depleted, the girdled trees die. Root trenching immediately terminates root exudates as well as water and nutrient uptake. Excluding aboveground litterfall removes soil carbon inputs, but allows normal root functions to continue. We found that removing aboveground litterfall and the humus layer reduced soil respiration by more than the C input from litter, a respiration priming effect. When this treatment was combined with stem girdling, root trenching or those treatments in combination, the change in soil respiration was indistinguishable from the loss of litterfall C inputs. This suggests that litterfall priming occurs only when normal root processes persist. Soil respiration was significantly related to temperature in all treatment combinations, and to soil water content in all treatments except stem girdling alone, and girdling plus trenching. Aboveground litterfall was a significant predictor of soil respiration in control, stem-girdled, trenched and stem-girdled plus trenching treatments. Stem girdling significantly reduced soil respiration as a single factor, but root trenching did not. These results suggest that in addition to temperature, aboveground carbon inputs exert strong controls on forest soil respiration.     

基于光谱吸收特征的土壤含水量预测模型研究

为了定量分析土壤含水量与反射光谱特征之间关系,并为土壤含水量速测提供理论依据。以黑土作为研究对象,测定实验室光谱反射率,利用去包络线方法提取反射光谱特征指标,建立土壤水分含量高光谱预测模型。结果表明:黑土含水量与1 420 nm、1 920 nm附近吸收谷的主要光谱特征(吸收谷深度、宽度、面积)呈显著正相关;1 920 nm附近吸收谷可作为黑土土壤水分的特征吸收谷,由其光谱特征参数预测黑土含水量;以1 920 nm附近吸收谷面积为自变量建立的一元线性回归模型预测精度高,输入量少,可以作为土壤含水量速测仪器研制的理论依据。     

新西兰鹿的福利及实施措施

新西兰鹿业协会为加大鹿及鹿产品在国际市场上的竞争力,积极实施鹿福利制度。文中主要介绍了新西兰在鹿的运输、锯茸及饲养管理等方面所实施的具体福利措施。     

荸荠去皮机设计与试验

针对荸荠(Eleocharis dulcis(Burm. f.) Trin.)外形不规则以及去皮损失大、去不净的问题,采用平刀去顶芽、斜刀去底部、圆弧刀去侧皮的组合切削方式,设计1种荸荠去皮机。通过对荸荠外形参数的测量与建模,拟合得到荸荠外轮廓曲线,确定刀具的结构参数范围。基于3D打印技术,采用单因素试验,确定了切削速度、底面斜刀倾角与长度、侧面圆弧刀弦长对去皮损失率与去净率的影响,优化得到了适宜的结构参数与运动参数,在转速为40 r/min、底面斜刀倾角为82°、底面斜刀长度为14 mm、侧面圆弧刀弦长为22 mm(直径42.75 mm)的条件下,去净率达到93%,损失率为24.4%,显著高于人工去皮与机械摩擦去皮。     

农村生活污水陶瓷膜-生物反应器处理工艺强化脱氮除磷研究

传统膜生物反应器是农村生活污水处理的重要工艺之一,但其存在氮磷去除效果差等问题,本文旨在探究陶瓷膜生物反应器对农村生活污水的处理效果,并提高其脱氮除磷效果。陶瓷膜-生物反应器(C-MBR)是将好氧生物反应与无机陶瓷平板膜过滤技术相结合的工艺,具有占地面积小、维护简单、排泥量少等优点。本文利用陶瓷膜代替传统膜-生物反应器中的有机膜,对C-MBR进行强化脱氮除磷工艺研究,通过优化回流比、DO、HRT等进行强化脱氮,采用粉煤灰多孔填料吸附进行强化除磷。结果表明:在进水COD和TN、NH_3-N、TP浓度分别为360.00～661.00、33.90～57.60、16.80～32.30 mg·L~(-1)和4.78～5.70 mg·L~(-1),MLSS为3000 mg·L~(-1),膜孔径为50 nm条件下,C-MBR出水对应指标平均浓度分别为34.90、22.59、1.13 mg·L~(-1)和4.57 mg·L~(-1),平均去除率分别为93.68%、47.86%、95.00%和12.32%。优化回流比至200%、DO浓度为2.00 mg·L~(-1)、好氧池HRT为4 h时,TN平均去除率显著提高,最佳可达69.39%,出水平均浓度为12.52 mg·L~(-1),且此时出水稳定、能耗低;粉煤灰多孔填料在水力负荷0.33 m~3·m~(-3)·d~(-1)条件下,对TP去除率可达90.90%,出水平均浓度为0.42 mg·L~(-1),满足一级A标准。使用1000 mg·L~(-1)的次氯酸钠水溶液,以每片膜500mL·30 min~(-1)速度对膜进行在线清洗时,跨膜压差恢复速率最快,膜污染去除效果恢复最佳。优化回流比、DO、好氧池HRT能有效强化C-MBR脱氮效果,填料吸附磷能有效强化除磷效果。本研究为农村生活污水就地处理、提高C-MBR脱氮除磷效果提供了有益参考。     

培养条件对干酪乳杆菌生长及降氨能力的影响

为了提高干酪乳杆菌的除臭效果,以LDJ菌株为材料,研究了不同的培养温度、初始pH、接种量及培养时间对LDJ菌株的生长及降氨效果的影响.结果表明:LDJ生长和降氨最佳培养条件为培养温度35℃,接种量10％,初始pH 6.0,培养时间36 h.     

湿地植物对模拟污水的净化能力研究

选择了千屈菜、水芹、水葱、黄菖蒲、石菖蒲、香菇草为待试湿地植物,通过静态水培试验,考察了各植物在以氨氮(NH4+-N)为主要氮组分的模拟污水中的生长情况、生理生态学特性,及在不同停留时间下对污水中有机物、N、P的去除率,以期找出不同条件下净化污水的优势植物.结果表明,植物在污水中均能正常生长,对营养物都有一定的吸收能力,对水体有明显的净化效果.其中石菖蒲植株内N、P浓度最高,净化效果较好,当停留时间为8 d时.对NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别为90.52%和92.89%;水芹生长稳定,在较短时间内对N、P均有较好的去除效果;香菇草在停留时间较长的条件下对污染物的去除率较高,当停留时间为8 d时,对NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别为94.90%和93.35%.可见,石菖蒲、水芹和香菇草对营养物质具有较好净化效果,是较理想的湿地植物.